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The gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), or grey fox, is an omnivorousmammal of the family Canidae, widespread throughout North America and Central America. This species and its only congener, the diminutive Channel Island fox (Urocyon littoralis), are the only living members of the genusUrocyon, which is considered to be the most basal of the living canids. Though it was once the most common fox in the eastern United States, and still is found there, human advancement and deforestation allowed the red fox to become more dominant. The Pacific States still have the gray fox as a dominant. It is the only American canid that can climb trees. Its specific epithetcinereoargenteus means 'ashen silver'.

Description[edit]

The gray fox is mainly distinguished from most other canids by its grizzled upper parts, black stripe down its tail and strong neck, while the skull can be easily distinguished from all other North American canids by its widely separated temporal ridges that form a U-shape. There is little sexual dimorphism, save for the females being slightly smaller than males. The gray fox ranges from 76 to 112.5 cm (29.9 to 44.3 in) in total length. The tail measures 27.5 to 44.3 cm (10.8 to 17.4 in) of that length and its hind feet measure 100 to 150 mm (3.9 to 5.9 in). The gray fox typically weighs 3.6 to 7 kg (7.9 to 15.4 lb), though exceptionally can weigh as much as 9 kg (20 lb).^[2][3][4] It is readily differentiated from the red fox by the lack of 'black stockings' that stand out on the latter and the stripe of black hair that runs along the middle of the tail as well as individual guard hairs being banded with white, gray, and black.^[5] The gray fox displays white on the ears, throat, chest, belly and hind legs.^[5] In contrast to all Vulpes and related (Arctic and fennec) foxes, the gray fox has oval (instead of slit-like) pupils.^[6]

The dental formula of the U. cinereoargenteus is 3.1.4.23.1.4.3 = 42.^[5]

Origin and genetics[edit]

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The gray fox appeared in North America during the mid-Pliocene (Hemphillian land animal age) epoch 3.6 million years ago (AEO) with the first fossil evidence found at the lower 111 Ranch site, Graham County, Arizona with contemporary mammals like the giant sloth, the elephant-like Cuvieronius, the large-headed llama, and the early small horses of Nannippus and Equus.^[7] Genetic analyses of the fox-like canids confirmed that the gray fox is a distinct genus from the red foxes (Vulpes spp.). Genetically, the gray fox often clusters with two other ancient lineages, the east Asian raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) and the African bat-eared fox (Otocyon megalotis).^[8] The chromosome number is 66 (diploid) with a fundamental number of 70. The autosomes include 31 pairs of sub-graded subacrocentrics, but one only pair of metacentrics.^[9] Faunal remains at two northern California cave sites confirm the presence of the gray fox during the late Pleistocene.^[10] Genetic analysis has shown that the gray fox migrated into the northeastern United States post-Pleistocene in association with the Medieval Climate Anomaly warming trend.^[11] Recent mitochondrial genetic studies suggests divergence of North American eastern and western gray foxes in the Irvingtonian mid-Pleistocene into separate sister taxa.^[12]

The gray fox's dwarf relative, the Channel Island fox, is likely descended from mainland gray foxes.^[13] These foxes apparently were transported by humans to the islands and from island to island, and are descended from a minimum of 3–4 matrilineal founders.^[12] The genusUrocyon is considered to be the most basal of the living canids.^[14]

Distribution and habitat[edit]

The species occurs throughout most rocky, wooded, brushy regions of the southern half of North America from southern Canada (Manitoba through southeastern Quebec)^[15] to the northern part of South America (Venezuela and Colombia), excluding the mountains of northwestern United States.^[16] It is the only canid whose natural range spans both North and South America.^[17] In some areas, high population densities exist near brush-covered bluffs.^[5]

Behavior[edit]

The gray fox's ability to climb trees is shared only with the Asian raccoon dog among canids. Its strong, hooked claws allow it to scramble up trees to escape many predators, such as the domestic dog or the coyote,^[18] or to reach tree-bound or arboreal food sources. It can climb branchless, vertical trunks to heights of 18 meters and jump from branch to branch.^[19] It descends primarily by jumping from branch to branch, or by descending slowly backwards as a domestic cat would do. The gray fox is primarily nocturnal or crepuscular and makes its den in hollow trees, stumps or appropriated burrows during the day. Such gray fox tree dens may be located 30 ft above the ground.^[6] Prior to European colonization of North America, the red fox was found primarily in boreal forest and the gray fox in deciduous forest, but now the red fox is dominant in most of the eastern United States since they are the more adaptable species to development and urbanization.^[20] In areas where both red and gray foxes exist, the gray fox is dominant.^[21]

Reproduction[edit]

The gray fox is assumed monogamous. The breeding season of the gray fox varies geographically; in Michigan, the gray fox mates in early March, in Alabama, breeding peaks occur in February. The gestation period lasts approximately 53 days. Litter size ranges from 1 to 7, with a mean of 3.8 young per female. The sexual maturity of females is around 10 months of age. Kits begin to hunt with their parents at the age of 3 months. By the time that they are four months old, the kits will have developed their permanent dentition and can now easily forage on their own. The family group remains together until the autumn, when the young males reach sexual maturity, then they disperse.^[9] Out of a study of nine juvenile gray foxes, only the males dispersed up to 84 km. The juvenile females stayed within proximity of the den within 3 km and always returned.^[22] On the other hand, adult gray foxes showed no signs of dispersion for either gender.^[23]

The annual reproductive cycle of males has been described through epididymal smears and become fertile earlier and remain fertile longer than the fertility of females.^[9]

Dens are used at any time during the year but mostly during whelping season. Dens are built in brushy or wooded regions and are less obvious than the dens of the red fox. Logs, trees, rocks, burrows, or abandoned dwellings serve as suitable den sites.^[5]

Diet[edit]

The gray fox is an omnivorous, solitary hunter. It frequently preys on the eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus) in the eastern U.S., though it will readily catch voles, shrews, and birds. In California, the gray fox primarily eats rodents, followed by lagomorphs, e.g. jackrabbit, brush rabbit, etc.^[18] In some parts of the Western United States (such as in the Zion National Park in Utah), the gray fox is primarily insectivorous and herbivorous.^[21] Fruit is an important component of the diet of the gray fox and they seek whatever fruits are readily available, generally eating more vegetable matter than does the red fox (Vulpes vulpes).^[2]

Subspecies[edit]

There are 16 subspecies recognized for the gray fox.^[9]

• Urocyon cinereoargenteus borealis (New England)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus californicus (southern California)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus cinereoargenteus (eastern United States)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus costaricensis (Costa Rica)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus floridanus (Gulf states)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus fraterculus (Yucatán)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus furvus (Panama)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus guatemalae (southernmost Mexico south to Nicaragua)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus madrensis (southern Sonora, south-west Chihuahua, and north-west Durango)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus nigrirostris (south-west Mexico)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus ocythous (Central Plains states)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus orinomus (southern Mexico, Isthmus of Tehuantepec)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus peninsularis (Baja California)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus scottii (south-western United States and northern Mexico)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus townsendi (northern California and Oregon)
• Urocyon cinereoargenteus venezuelae (Colombia and Venezuela)

Parasites[edit]

Parasites of gray fox include trematode Metorchis conjunctus.^[24]

See also[edit]

• Urocyon progressus, also known as the progressive gray fox.
• South American gray fox, also known as the gray zorro.

References[edit]

1. ^Cypher; et al. (2008). 'Urocyon cinereoargenteus'. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2008. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 6 May 2008.
2. ^ ^ab'Urocyon cinereoargenteus'. Animal Diversity Web. Retrieved 19 August 2007.
3. ^Boitani, Luigi (1984) Simon & Schuster's Guide to Mammals. Simon & Schuster/Touchstone Books, ISBN978-0-671-42805-1
4. ^Common Gray Fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus). Nsrl.ttu.edu. Retrieved on 2013-01-26.
5. ^ ^abcdeFritzell, Haroldson, Erik, Kurt (November 1982). 'Urocyon cinereoargenteus'. Mammalian Species: 1–8.
6. ^ ^abAlderton, p. 122.
7. ^Paleobiology database, Collection 19656, Graham County, Arizona. Authority by the Dr. John Alroy, 18 February 1993.
8. ^Geffen, E.; Mercure, A.; Girman, D. J.; MacDonald, D. W.; Wayne, R. K. (September 1992). 'Phylogenetic relationships of the fox-like canids: mitochondrial DNA restriction fragment, site and cytochrome b sequence analyses'. Journal of Zoology, London. 228: 27–39. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1992.tb04430.x.
9. ^ ^abcdFritzell, Erik K.; Haroldson, Kurt J. (1982). 'Urocyon cinereoargenteus'(PDF). Mammalian Species. 189 (189): 1–8. doi:10.2307/3503957. JSTOR3503957. Archived from the original(PDF) on 22 January 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
10. ^Graham RW; Lundelius Jr. EL. FAUNMAP II: New data for North America with a temporal extension for the Blancan, Irvingtonian and early Rancholabrean (Report). FAUNMAP II Database, version 1.0; 2010. Retrieved 13 December 2015.
11. ^Bozarth, Christine A.; Lance, Stacey L.; Civitello, David J.; Glenn, Julie L.; Maldonado, Jesus E. (2011). 'Phylogeography of the gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) in the eastern United States'(PDF). Journal of Mammalogy. 92 (2): 283–294. doi:10.1644/10-MAMM-A-141.1. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
12. ^ ^abNatalie S. Goddard; Mark J. Statham; Benjamin N. Sacks (19 August 2015). 'Mitochondrial Analysis of the Most Basal Canid Reveals Deep Divergence between Eastern and Western North American Gray Foxes (Urocyon spp.) and Ancient Roots in Pleistocene California'. PLOS ONE. 10 (8): e0136329. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0136329. PMC4546004. PMID26288066.
13. ^Fuller, T.K.; Cypher, B. L. (2004). C. Sillero-Zubiri; M. Hoffman; D. W. Macdonald (eds.). Gray fox Urocyon cinereoargenteus. pp. 92–97 in Canids: foxes, wolves, jackals, and dogs. Status survey and conservation action plan(PDF). Cambridge, United Kingdom: IUCN Publications. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
14. ^Wayne, R. K.; Geffen, E; Girman, D. J.; Koepfli, K. P.; Lau, L. M.; Marshall, C. R. (1997). 'Molecular Systematics of the Canidae'. Systematic Biology. 46 (4): 622–653. doi:10.1093/sysbio/46.4.622. PMID11975336.
15. ^'Nature Canada'. Naturecanada.ca. Retrieved 29 January 2019.
16. ^Wozencraft, W.C. (2005). 'Order Carnivora'. In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 582. ISBN978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC62265494.
17. ^Kurten B, Anderson E (1980). Pleistocene mammals of North America. New York: Columbia University. ISBN978-0231037334.
18. ^ ^abFedriani, J. M.; Fuller, T. K.; Sauvajot, R. M.; York, E. C. (2000). 'Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores'. Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. doi:10.1007/s004420000448. hdl:10261/54628. PMID24595837.
19. ^Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio; Hoffman, Michael; and MacDonald David W. (2004) Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. p. 95
20. ^Goddard-Taylor, Gayle (Winter 2005–2006). 'The Silver Ghost: The life and times of the gray fox'. Sanctuary: The Journal of the Massachusetts Audubon Society. 45 (2): 13–15.
21. ^ ^abAlderton, p. 124.
22. ^Sheldon, 1953
23. ^Follmann, 1973
24. ^Mills J. H., Hirth R. S. (1968). 'Lesions Caused by the Hepatic Trematode, Metorchis conjunctus, Cobbold, 1860: A Comparative Study in Carnivora'. Journal of Small Animal Practice. 9 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5827.1968.tb04678.x.

Bibliography[edit]

• Alderton, David (1998). Foxes, Wolves, Lions, and Wild Dogs of the World. London: Blandford ISBN081605715X

External links[edit]

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